A perfect pharmacovigilance database is the core pillar of pharmacovigilance activities. At present, the United States, Japan, Europe, and the World Health Organization have all established comparatively mature pharmacovigilance databases, which have played an important role in adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring, ADR signal mining, and post marketing re-evaluation of drugs. This paper summarizes the data sources, data accessibility, available elements, data quality control, and data utilization status of the 4 major databases mentioned above, so as to provide references for clinical pharmacovigilance activities and improvement of the construction of pharmacovigilance database in China.

In 2022, a total of 22-868 cases of medication error (ME) from 315-hospitals in 26 provincial administrative regions were collected in the National Monitoring Network for Clinical Safe Medication. The number of hospitals reporting ME increased by 14.55% compared with that in 2021 (275-hospitals), and the number of reported ME cases increased by 16.76% compared with that in 2021 (19-585 cases). In 22-868 cases of ME reports, 155 (0.68%) were classified as grade A, 18-981 (83.00%) as grade B, 3-076 (13.45%) as grade C, 422 (1.85%) as grade D, 75 (0.33%) as grade E, 156 (0.68%) as grade F, 1 (<0.01%) as grade G, and 2 (0.01%) as grade H; no MEs of grade I occurred. Among the 22-713 patients involved in MEs of grade B to I, 12-668 (55.77%) were male and 10-045 (44.23%) were female; their ages were from 1 day to 102 years; 2-453 (10.80%) were children (<18 years old), 11-374 (50.08%) were young and middle-aged adults (≥18 to <60 years old), and 8-886 (39.12%) were elderly (≥60 years old). A total of 234 patients were involved in serious MEs (grade E-I), including 134 (57.27%) males and 100 (42.73%) females, aged from 4 days to 94 years, of which 37 (15.81%) were children, 83 (35.47%) were young and middle-aged adults, 114(48.72%) were elderly. The serious MEs (grade E-I) mainly occurred in the administration link ［74.36% (174/234)］. The 155 grade A MEs did not involve person who triggered the ME and place where ME occurred. Among the 22-713 grade B-I MEs, 17-102 (75.30%) were triggered by physicians, 4-072 (17.93%) by pharmacists, 764 (3.36%) by nurses, 461 (2.03%) by patients and their family members, and 314 (1.38%) by other persons; the proportion of MEs triggered by physicians increased year by year for 4 consecutive years; the triggers of serious MEs were mainly patients and their family members ［61.97% (145/234)］. Among these MEs, 9-238 (40.67%) occurred in clinics, 7-183 (31.63%) in hospital wards, 4-620 (20.34%) in pharmacies, 1-063 (4.68%) in pharmacy intravenous admixture services, 213 (0.94%) in the nurse stations, 321 (1.41%) in patients′ home, 6 (0.03%) in the community health service stations, and 69 (0.30%) in other places. Among the 234-severe MEs, 129 (55.13%) occurred in the patient′s home, and the proportions of MEs and serious MEs occurred in the home increased year by year for 4 consecutive years. The top 3 contents of ME were wrong drug class (4-285, 18.40%), wrong dosage (4-115, 17.67%), and wrong administration frequency (2-808, 12.06%). The top 3 persons who discovered the ME were pharmacists (17-575, 74.74%), patients and their family members (2-654, 11.29%), and physicians (1-752, 7.45%). The top 3 factors causing ME were lack of related pharmacologic knowledge (8-665, 31.94%), tiredness (4-249, 15.66%), and insufficient training of medical workers (3-502, 12.91%).

Signal detection of adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an important research method in post marketing pharmacovigilance. In recent years, the number of literature on ADR signal detection in China has increased significantly. However, there are still many problems in this kind of research, such as unclear understanding of the concept of ADR signal, unclear purpose of signal detection research, limited signal source, inadequate processing of data in detection, unduly single data mining algorithm, unduly short time period in data selection, and no processing and analysis on bias in signal detection. This paper provides some views on these common problems in order to improve the quality of ADR signal detection research in China.

Objective To explore the effects of pharmaceutical services through enterprise WeChat for outpatients with cancer pain.　Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients who were first diagnosed and/or previously treated for cancer pain and visited Outpatient Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 1, 2020 to January 30, 2023. The outpatients were divided into conventional pharmaceutical services management group (conventional group) and pharmaceutical services management group through enterprise WeChat (enterprise WeChat group) based on whether they received pharmaceutical services for cancer pain through enterprise WeChat. Prescription appropriateness, changes in cancer pain and life quality evaluation indicators after treatment in patients between the 2 groups were recorded and compared.　Results A total of 174 patients were included, with 87 patients in each group. There were no significant differences in age and gender between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). Before the pharmaceutical services management for cancer pain through enterprise WeChat, the differences in the proportion of patients with pain free, mild, moderate, and severe pain after pain relief treatments between the 2 groups were not significant (all P>0.05). In the conventional group, 13 out of 87 patients (14.9%) had inappropriate prescriptions, and 2 out of 87 (2.3%) in the enterprise WeChat group, with statistically significant difference (χ2=8.828, P<0.05). After management with enterprise WeChat, the patients of pain-free increa- sed from 19 to 55 (63.2%) in the enterprise WeChat group, and from 18 to 41 (47.1%) in the conventional group. The difference in the proportion of pain-free patients between the 2 groups was statistically significant (χ2=4.555, P=0.033). The differences in the scores of various indicators of life quality between the 2 groups before management with enterprise WeChat were not significant (all P>0.05). After the management with enterprise WeChat, life quality scores in all the 8 dimensions were significantly higher than those in the conventional group (all P<0.05).　Conclusion The utilization of enterprise WeChat could improve the treatment effect of cancer pain, enhance their life quality, help improve the quality of pharmaceutical services, and have certain promotion and utilization value.

A 78-year-old female patient with atrial fibrillation developed tarry stools after regularly taking dronedarone, metoprolol, and rivaroxaban for 3 months. The patient stopped using rivaroxa- ban by herself for 7 days, and her black stools was gradually improved. After taking rivaroxaban again for 1 month, black stools appeared again, accompanied by fatigue, dizziness, and amaurosis fugax. Her blood pres- sure was 90/50-mmHg, heart rate was 80 beats/min, and hemoglobin was 55-g/L. Rivaroxaban was discon- tinued again and supportive treatments such as soft food, acid suppression, fluid replacement, and blood transfusion were given. After 3 days of treatments, the symptoms of fatigue were improved significantly, and no amaurosis recurred when sitting up. Hemoglobin was 75-g/L. After 6 days of treatments, the patient dis- charged formed yellow soft stools. After excluding gastrointestinal tumors through gastroscopy and tumor mar- ker examination, it was considered that the interaction of dronedarone and rivaroxaban caused the increase of rivaroxaban plasma concentration, which resulted in gastrointestinal bleeding in the patient. The patient′s anticoagulant medication was changed to dabigatran etexilate, and no gastrointestinal bleeding occurred.

A 98-year-old male patient received cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium and ambroxol etc. due to pulmonary infection. Before treatments, the patient′s coagulation function was basically normal, and the platelet count was within the reference range. Due to poor anti-infection effect, cefoperazone sodium and sulbactam sodium was changed to voriconazole combined with piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium 13 days later, which was adjusted to voriconazole, meropenem and linezolid glucose injection 7 days later. Three days after linezolid administration, the patient′s temperature was 39.3-℃, and scattered dark red petechiae appeared on his both hands, upper limbs, shoulders and back, with some appearing as patchy ecchymosis, without tenderness pain and fading when pressing. Laboratory tests showed that prothrombin time was 18.4-s, international normalized ratio was 1.50, activated partial thromboplastin time was 53.6-s, fibrinogen was 5.11-g/L, and plasma D-dimer was 4.27-mg/L. It was considered to be allergic purpura, which might be related to linezolid glucose injection. The drug was stopped and replaced by tigecycline, and the treatment such as anti-allergy, fluid replacement, and plasma infusion were given. Eleven days later, the patient′s skin petechiae and ecchymosis disappeared. Laboratory tests showed prothrombin time 16.2-s, international normalized ratio 1.28, activated partial thromboplastin time 35.6-s, fibrinogen 2.62-g/L, and plasma D-dimer 2.48-mg/L.

A 25-year-old woman received subcutaneous injection of semaglutide injection (semaglutide) 0.5-mg by herself for weight loss. She developed nausea and vomiting after medication but did not pay much attention to. On the 2nd week, semaglutide 1-mg was injected subcutaneously. Symptoms such as nausea and vomiting were aggravated, followed by stomach pain and distension, which could not be relieved. Laboratory tests showed alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 1-687-U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 809-U/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 167-U/L, total bile acid (TBA) 178.8-μmol/L, total bilirubin (TBil) 106.3-μmol/L, direct bilirubin 64.0-μmol/L, and indirect bilirubin (IBil) 42.3-μmol/L. After excluding causes like viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, obstructive jaundice, and concomitant drugs, acute liver injury caused by semaglutide was considered, and liver-protective treatments were given. Due to poor therapeutic effects, artificial liver treatment was given once, and then liver protective treatments were continued. On day 17 of treatment, laboratory tests showed ALT 579-U/L, AST 583-U/L, ALP 180-U/L, TBA 231.8-μmol/L, TBil 344.8-μmol/L, DBil 233.8-μmol/L, and IBil 111.0-μmol/L. After 6 months of treatments, the patient′s liver function returned to normal, with laboratory tests results of ALT 56-U/L, AST 33-U/L, ALP 99-U/L, TBA 2.7-μmol/L, TBil 10.5-μmol/L, DBil 3.2-μmol/L, and IBil 7.3-μmol/L.

A 48-year-old male patient received dapagliflozin, metformin and insulin glargine injection due to poor blood glucose control and the blood glucose control was acceptable. After 9 months, the patient′s food intake decreased due to swelling in the gum, and 3 days later, the patient developed nausea, vomi- ting, fatigue, and wheezing. The arterial blood gas analysis showed metabolic acidosis, random blood glucose 15.2-mmol/L, and urinary ketone body (+++). Dapagliflozin and other oral hypoglycemic drugs were stopped, symptomatic treatments such as insulin, fluid replacement, anti-infection, antiemesis, and correction of electrolyte disorder were given, and the patient′s condition was improved. It was considered that dapagliflozin caused ketoacidosis (DKA). The hypoglycemic treatment regimen was changed to subcutaneously injection of insulin aspart 30 injection 22 U in the morning and 16 U at night and oral metformin 0.5 g thrice daily, and the blood glucose control was acceptable. After that, no DKA symptoms recurred in the patient.

Conducting quality evaluation of adverse drug reaction（ADR） case report and obtaining accurate, objective and scientific data is related to the level and quality of the entire monitoring work, and is an important basis for drug regulatory departments to formulate safety regulatory measures. The research progress and application status of the methodology of quality evaluation of ADR reports abroad were investigated through literature search in this paper. It mainly includes 3 different evaluation methods (WHO quality evaluation method, clinical documentation tool, ADR report quality algorithm) from Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Netherlands and Australia. There are currently 2 versions of ADR report quality evaluation methods in China, which are included in the appendices of the 2005 and 2012 editions of the "Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting and Monitoring Work Manual". Different ADR report quality evaluation methods have different focus points, and it is necessary to develop a scientific evaluation method suitable to provide reference for the quality supervision and management of ADR in China.

A 77 year-old female patient was treated with compound chlorhexidine gargle to rinse the pus cavity due to gingival abscess. After 10-minutes, the patient developed palpitation and pale face, followed by respiratory failure, undetectable blood pressure, inaccessible arterial pulsation, no spontaneous breathing, and disappearance of pupillary light reflex, which was considered as anaphylactic shock. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, endotracheal intubation mechanical ventilation, intravenous infusion of dopamine, intravenous injection of epinephrine and other resuscitation were given immediately. About 40-minutes later, the patient returned to sinus rhythm (141 beats/min), blood pressure was 70/40-mmHg. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit to continue the treatments such as fluid infusion, organ protection, mild hypothermia brain protection, prevention of epilepsy, correction of electrolyte disorders etc. Despite active rescue and treatments, the patient still died 6 days later due to a recurrence of cardiac arrest.

Objective To explore the adverse reaction risk signals of Xuesaitong injection, and provide reference for the safe and reasonable application of the drug.-Methods The risk signals of adverse reactions/events (AR/AE) associated with Xuesaitong injection were mined using 3 methods, including reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), and the Comprehensive Standard-Method of Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) based on data in Shandong Province Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center Database from 2018 to 2020.　Results A total of 2-606 AR/AE reports with Xuesaitong injection as the primary suspect drug were collected, involving 1-209 males (46.39%) and 1-397 females (53.61%). The median age of these patients was 63 years, ranging from 10 to 100 years, and 55.72% (1-452/2-606) of them were over 60 years. Severe AR/AE accounted for 13.24% (345/2-606). AR/AE involved a total of 15 organs/systems, and relevant preferred names (PN) appeared 4-218 times. Among them, the organs/systems involved ranking top 3 in frequency were skin and accessories ［37.15% (1-567/4-218)］, systemic disorders ［18.21% (768/4-218)］, and central and peripheral nervous system ［14.13% (596/4-218)］. There were a total of 19 risk signals that were positive by the ROR, PRR, and MHRA method, including sneezing, worsening palmus, discomfort in the cardiac area, dry throat, worsening headache, distention in the head, shortness of breath, convulsions, chills, high fever, chest tightness, tachycardia, worsening dizziness, papules, skin warm, palpitation, palmus, feeling cold, and erythema. The top 5 PN with severe cases were shortness of breath, high fever, convulsions, tachycardia, and chest tightness.　Conclusions Xuesaitong injection can lead to severe anaphylaxis and the most common organs/systems involved are skin and accessories, systemic disorders, and central and peripheral nervous system. Severe cases often present with shortness of breath, high fever, convulsions, tachycardia, and chest tightness, which require intensive monitoring during use of the drug.

A 57-year-old male patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus was treated with alogliptin benzoate 25-mg once daily orally. His liver function was normal before the treatment. The patient developed yellowish skin and fatigue after 25 days of treatment. Laboratory tests showed total bilirubin (TBil) 65-μmol/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 2-856-U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 1-028-U/L, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 124-U/L. After excluding viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, and obstructive jaundice, liver injury caused by alogliptin benzoate was considered. The drug was stopped and liver protective treatments were given. Seventeen days later, the patient′s symptoms disappeared, and laboratory tests showed TBil 17-μmol/L, ALT 112-U/L, AST 30-U/L, and ALP 76-U/L.

A 63-year-old male patient with hepatocellular carcinoma received sintilimab (200-mg by IV infusion on day 1, 21 days as one cycle) after surgery. After 3 cycles of treatment, the patient developed unclear speech, mental fatigue, drowsiness, and weight loss. Laboratory tests showed triiodothyronine (T3) 0.54-nmol/L, thyroxine (T4) 13.0-nmol/L, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 98.62 mU/L, free triiodothyronine (FT3) 0.43-pmol/ml, free thyroxine (FT4) 0.25-pmol/L, cortisol (Cor) (8:00) 6.1-nmol/L, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (8:00) 0.22-pmol/L/L. He was diagnosed as having immune-related hypothyroidism and adrenal cortex hypofunction, which was caused by sintilimab. After 4 days of treatments with glucocorticoid, the above symptoms in the patient were improved, and levothyroxine was given. The dosage of glucocorticoids given to patients was gradually reduced.After 11 days of treatments with levothyroxine, the laboratory tests showed that the thyroid function returned to normal, and levothyroxine was stopped. Adrenal cortex function was still lower than normal ［Cor (8:00) 51.6-nmol/L，ACTH (8:00) 0.22-pmol/L］. Then prednisone acetate tablets 5-mg once daily orally were given continuously. At 8 months of follow-up, the adrenal cortex function in the patient remained low, and sintilimab was stopped forever.

The theme of World Patient Safety Day 2023 is "Engaging Patients for Patient Safety". Encouraging patients (including patients′ families, caregivers, etc.) to voice in medication safety is one of the important measures of medication safety management and pharmacovigilance, which conforms to the principles of ethics and science and is adapted to the development of society. It has been widely recognized in the world that patients participate in the safety monitoring in drug clinical trial, adverse drug reaction reporting， and information communicating and safety supervising of drug safety, and act as partners with doctors and drug regulatory agencies in drug safety. China should also attach importance to and address the obstacles in patient participation in management of medication safety, and accelerate the process of patient participation in management of medication safety.

A 20-year-old female patient took compound Zaoren capsules (containing processed ziziphi Spinosae Semen and L-tatrahydropal matine, 1 capsule at bedtime, 12 capsules in total) by herself intermittently due to insomnia. Fifteen days later, she developed fatigue and dark yellow urine. Laboratory tests showed total bilirubin (TBil) 62-μmol/L, direct bilirubin (DBil) 49-μmol/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 1-658-U/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 1-525-U/L, γ-glutamic trans-ferase (GGT) 160-U/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 149-U/L, and total bile acid (TBA) 90.2-μmol/L. She received liver-protective treatments. After 30 days, the symptoms of fatigue and dark yellow urine were relieved, and laboratory tests showed TBil 24-μmol/L, DBil 13-μmol/L, ALT 54-U/L, AST 68-U/L, GGT 170-U/L, and ALP 90-U/L. Nine months later, the patient took compound Zaoren capsules (1 capsule/4 d, 3 capsules in total) again due to insomnia. Fourteen days later, the patient developed yellow sclera and dark yellow urine, and laboratory tests showed TBil 44-μmol/L, DBil 29-μmol/L, ALT 2-041-U/L, AST 1-152-U/L, GGT 110-U/L, ALP 155-U/L, and TBA 28.0-μmol/L. The liver-protective treatments were given again, and the symptoms of yellow sclera and urine were relieved 18 days later. Laboratory tests showed ALT 199-U/L, AST 78-U/L, and GGT 55-U/L. The liver injury is considered to be caused by tetrahydropalmatine in compound Zaoren capsules.

Objective To investigate the safety of Tenghuang Jiangu tablets in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.　Methods Medical records of knee arthritis patients who used Tenghuang Jiangu tablets in 43-hospitals from September 2019 to January 2021 were collected and the incidence, clinical manifestations, severity and outcome of adverse events were descriptively analyzed.　Results A total of 2-505 patients were entered in the analysis, including 788 males (31.46%) and 1-717 females (68.54%), with ages of 50-76 years and a median age of 61 years. The duration of medication was (57±3) days. Among the 2-505 patients, 1-949 cases (77.80%) received the drug twice daily, 553 (22.08%) thrice daily, and 3 (0.12%) once daily; 79(3.15%) patients developed 82 adverse events during Tenghuang Jiangu tablets treatment, including 39 cases of adverse events of digestive system (42 times), 8 cases of systemic adverse events, 6 cases of infectious adverse events, 6 cases of skin and mucous membrane adverse events, 5 cases of neurological adverse events, 4 cases of respiratory system adverse events, 3 cases of eye organ adverse events, 3 cases of cardiac organoid adverse events, 3 cases of injury adverse events, and 2 cases of reproductive system and breast adverse events. A causal evaluation was conducted on the above-mentioned adverse events, with only one case evaluated as possible and the rest as suspicious. Only one patient stopped using Tenghuang Jiangu tablets after an adverse event occurred, while the other patients did not stop the medication, and all patients returned to normal after untreated or symptomatic treatments.　Conclusions The incidence of adverse events in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis with Tenghuang Jiangu tablets is 3.15%. Common adverse events include digestive system adverse events, systemic adverse events, infectious adverse events, skin and mucous membrane adverse events, and neurological adverse events.

A 66-year-old male patient with chronic bronchitis for more than 50 years received 0.1 g of aminophylline once or twice daily orally. Because of cough and runny nose, he took 1 compound parace- tamol and amantadine hydrochloride tablet twice daily orally and added the dose of aminophylline to 0.2 g twice daily by himself. After 3 days of medication, the patient experienced sudden unconsciousness and limb convulsions without any triggering factors, with a total of 6 episodes. The results of brain magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography were normal. The possibility of intracranial infection could be ruled out through cerebrospinal fluid examination. Laboratory test showed creatine kinase (CK) 1-574-U/L. After 4 days of experimental treatments with haloperidol, piperacillin sodium, tazobactam sodium, budesonide suspen- sion, etc., his CK was 217-U/L and no further seizures occurred. The patient′s seizures were considered to be related to combination of compound paracetamol and amantadine hydrochloride, and aminophylline.

Objective To provide a basis for the selection of antiemetic regimen by establishing an artificial intelligence model for predicting chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy with high emetic risk.　Methods The clinical information on cancer patients who received cisplatin or carboplatin with area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) ≥4 and registered in the Department of Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from January 2018 to December 2022 was collected, including gender, age, history of alcohol consumption, history of vomiting in pregnancy, chemotherapy cycle, patient expects to have CINV, chemotherapeutic agents, antiemetic regimen, out-of-hospital antiemetic treatment, sleep of less than 7 hours on the night before chemotherapy, occurrence of CINV in the previous cycle, and creatinine clearance (Ccr). After pre-proces- sing, the data were randomly divided into the training set and the test set. The training set was used to construct the prediction model, and the test set was used to evaluate the prediction efficiency of the model. Three algorithms, gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), random forest (RF), and logistic regression (LR), were used to build a prediction model and evaluate the model performance, respectively. The evaluation metrics included accuracy, sensitivity, recall, F1 value (the reconciled mean of sensitivity and recall), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Finally, Shapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) was applied to analyze the interpretability of the clinical features with predictive significance.　Results A total of 698 patients, 439 males (62.9%) with a median age of 64 (21, 84) years, were included in this study and received a total of 1-654 cycles of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy regimen contained cisplatin in 364 cases with 864 cycles of chemotherapy, and carboplatin with AUC ≥4 in 361 cases with 790 cycles of chemotherapy. The number of treatment cycles in which neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (NK-1 RA), 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist (5-HT3 RA), and dexamethasone were selected as the antiemetic regimen was 1 347, and in those with the selection of 5-HT3 RA and dexamethasone was 307. The Spearman′s correlation analysis showed no strong correlation between the feature variables in the patients, and all of them could be used for model building. GBDT optimal hyperparameters n_estimators=500, max_depth=9; RF optimal hyperparameters max_depth=5; LR optimal hyperparameters penalty=L2. Three prediction models, GBDT, RF and LR, were established based on the optimal hyperparameter training data, respectively. The accuracy of GBDT model was 0.903, sensitivity was 0.882, recall was 0.903, F1 value was 0.883, and AUROC was 0.778±0.036 (95%CI: 0.739-0.814); the accuracy of RF model was 0.885, sensitivity was 0.861, recall was 0.885, F1 value was 0.870, and AUROC was 0.679±0.041 (95%CI: 0.636- 0.720); the LR model had an accuracy of 0.817, a sensitivity of 0.851, a recall of 0.817, an F1 value of 0.832, and an AUROC of 0.682±0.042 (95%CI: 0.639-0.723). Ccr, age, chemotherapy cycle, history of alcohol consumption, and patient expects to have CINV were the main features predicted by the model. The risk of CINV was negatively associated with Ccr, age, and chemotherapy cycle. And the risk of CINV was lower in patients with no history of drinking alcohol and patient expects to have CINV.　Conclusion The GBDT, RF, and LR models could all predict the risk of CINV in patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy with high emetic risk, with the GBDT model having the best predictive effect.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in elderly patients.　Methods The clinical data (including demographic characteristics, clinical features and relevant laboratory tests, suspected pathogenic drugs, and prognosis of DILI, etc.) of patients hospitalized due to DILI from January 2009 to December 2020 were collected through the DILI Data- base in Liver Research Center of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University. The patients were divided into young group (<40 years old), middle-aged group (40-59 years old), and elderly group (≥ 60 years old) according to their ages. The demographic characteristics, clinical features, and prognosis of DILI were compared among the 3 groups. The risk factors for all-cause death/liver transplantation in DILI patients were analyzed using univariate and multivariate COX regression models.　Results A total of 620 patients were entered in the study, including 477 females (76.9%) and 143 males (23.1%), with a median age of 56 (46, 64) years. There were 101 patients (16.3%) in the young group, 273 (44.0%) in the middle-aged group, and 246 (39.7%) in the elderly group, respectively. Compared with the young and middle-aged group respectively, patients in the elderly group had less fever ［5.7% (14/246) vs. 18.8% (19/101) and 11.4% (31/273)］, more abdominal distension ［26.8% (66/246) vs. 11.9% (12/101) and 18.7% (51/273)］, higher levels of alkaline phosphatase ［171 (127, 265) U/L vs. 146 (104, 218) U/L and 158 (114, 221) U/L］, gamma-glutamyltransferase ［211 (132, 361) U/L vs. 122 (67, 200) U/L and 167 (94, 291) U/L］, and serum creatinine ［70 (59, 81) μmol/L vs. 58 (49, 72) μmol/L and 63 (57, 71) μmol/L］, lower levels of serum albumin ［36.2 (32.0, 38.8) g/L vs. 38.4 (35.2, 41.3) g/L and 37.3 (34.1, 40.7) g/L］, immunoglobulin M ［840 (610, 1190) mg/L vs. 1-030 (820, 1-460) mg/L and 1-060 (700, 1-480) mg/L］, and platelet counts ［186 (143, 236)×109/L vs. 214 (174, 270)×109/L and 210 (160, 257)×109/L］, higher proportion of cholestasis type ［13.0% (32/246) vs. 3.0% (3/101) and 5.5% (15/273)］, lower rate of normalized liver function ［80.5% (198/246) vs. 88.1% (89/101) and 89.0% (243/273)］, and higher proportion of all-cause death/liver transplantation ［5.7% (14/246) vs. 3.0% (3/101) and 1.5% (4/273)］. The differences above mentioned were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multivariate COX regression analysis showed that age ［hazard ratio (HR)=1.029, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.002-1.056, P=0.034), serum albumin (HR=0.933, 95%CI: 0.883-0.985, P=0.012), cholesterol (HR=1.006, 95%CI: 1.004-1.008, P<0.001), serum creatinine (HR=1.007, 95%CI: 1.000-1.015, P=0.049), and severity of DILI (HR=2.328, 95%CI: 1.692-3.202, P<0.001) were independent influencing factors of all-cause death/liver transplantation in DILI patients.　Conclusions Age, serum albumin, total cholesterol, serum creatinine, and severity of DILI are independent influencing factors for all-cause death/liver transplantation in DILI. Cholestatic liver injury is more common in elderly patients with DILI and the prognosis is poor, which needs more clinical attention.

Objective To explore the risk signals of montelukast-related adverse events (AEs) in pediatric patients and provide reference for the safe use.　Methods AE reports of children with montelukast as the primary suspect drug from the first quarter of 2004 to the third quarter of 2022 were collected by searching the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database （FAERS）. AEs were standardized and classified according to the preferred terms (PT) and system organ class (SOC) of Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities 23.0. Proportional reporting odds ratio (PRR) method was used to mine the AE risk signals of montelukast. An AE with reports ≥3, PRR≥2, and χ2>4 was defined as a positive signal, which were analyzed using descriptive method.　Results A total of 5-179 AE reports were included in the analysis, involving 1-295 PTs, and 233 positive PTs were obtained by PRR method. The top 10 PTs in AE reports were aggres- sive behavior, anxiety, suicidal ideation, abnormal behavior, depression, anger, nightmares, insomnia, crying loudly and night terrors. Except crying loudly, all of them were adverse reactions recorded in the label. The top 10 PTs in signal intensity were sensory overload, arrhythmia, separation anxiety disorder, loneliness phobia, dust allergy, Mille-Fisher syndrome, eosinophilic granuloma complicated with polyangitis, personality disorder in children, night terrors and decreased platelet adhesion. Among them, abnormal heart rate, Mille-Fisher syndrome and decreased platelet adhesion were not recorded in the label. A total of 59 of the 233 positive PTs were not recorded in the label, involving 10 SOCs. The top 5 SOCs were social environment, mental illness, injury, poisoning and surgical complications, general conditions and administration site, and respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal diseases.　Conclusion The main AEs of pediatric patients receiving montelukast treatment in the US FAERS are aggressive behavior, anxiety, depression, insomnia, night terrors, etc., all of which are adverse reactions recorded in the label; adverse reactions not recorded in the drug label include abnormal heart rate, Miller-Fisher syndrome， and decreased platelet adhesion.

Objective To understand the current situation and problems of research design in adverse drug reaction (ADR) signal detection study in China.　Methods The literature on ADR signal detection study in SinoMed, CNKI, WanFang Data and VIP databases were retrieved (up to May 30, 2022). The research purpose, research direction (target drug, target ADR), source database of signals, target drug role, reference drug, signal detection algorithm, and bias control of the literature were analyzed descriptively one by one.　Results A total of 165 articles were included, of which 146 (88.5%) were published in core journals. From 2013 to 2022 (January to May, 2022), there were 4, 3, 2, 7, 8, 11, 20, 29, 55, and 26 relevant articles, respectively. Problems in these studies were as follows: research purposes were not clear in 6.7% (11/165) of the literature; target ADRs were selected as non targeted in 80.6% (133/165) of the literature; the domestic database was less utilized ［only 9.7% (16/165)］; did the selection range of the target drug role were not mentioned in 33.9% (56/165) of the literature; only a single algorithm for signal detection was used in 36.4% (60/165) of the literature; bias analysis was not conducted in 85.5% (141/165) of the literature.　Conclusions The domestic literature on ADR signal detection has problems of poor standardization in research design, such as unclear research purpose and direction, incomplete research items, etc. Chinese scholars should further improve the quality of research design while strengthening the research on ADR signal detection.

A 73-year-old male patient was treated with tacrolimus 2.5-mg twice daily combined with prednisone 5-mg once daily orally for anti-rejection after lung transplantation. Due to pulmonary aspergillus fumigatus infection, the patient received voriconazole 400-mg orally twice daily on the first day and then 200-mg twice daily from the next day. During this period, the patient continued to receive anti- rejection treatments. Three days after the application of voriconazole, the patient developed decreased urine output and fatigue, serum creatinine was 196-μmol/L, and tacrolimus trough concentration was 49.0-μg/L. Acute kidney injury caused by tacrolimus poisoning was considered. Under the monitoring of blood drug concentration, tacrolimus was discontinued intermittently for 3 days, then tacrolimus was reduced to 0.5-mg once daily and voriconazole was reduced to 150-mg twice daily. Seventeen days later, the patient had a 24- hour urine output of 950-ml, serum creatinine of 154-μmol/L, and tacrolimus trough concentration of 7.7-μg/L. Twenty-two days later, his serum creatinine decreased to 142-μmol/L. It was considered that the abnormal increase of tacrolimus blood trough concentration was related to the inhibited metabolism after combined use with voriconazole.

A 34-year-old male patient received a subcutaneous injection of 300 mg of secukinumab once a week for 5 times, subsequently 300-mg once every 4 weeks for 3 times because of psoriasis. Then the patient developed bloody purulent stool. Electronic colonoscopy revealed diffuse mucosal congestion and edema in the sigmoid colon at a distance of 25 cm from the anus. The pathological examination results of tissue biopsy showed severe chronic inflammation, erosion, and shallow ulcer formationin the sigmoid colon. Inflammatory bowel disease caused by secukinumab was considered. Then the drug was stopped, and mesalazine enema solution 60 g once daily was given. After half a month of treatment, the patient′s bloody purulent stool was improved significantly, and after 2 months, it disappeared. Electronic colonoscopy showed that the mucosa of the sigmoid colon was rough, granular, and scattered with small patches of bleeding at a distance of 20-cm to 25-cm from the anus, which was diagnosed as having ulcerative colitis (in remission). Mesalazine enema was discontinued and changed to mesalazine suppository 0.5 g once daily.

A 5-year-old and 4-month-old boy took duloxetine about 1-000-mg mistakenly. After 30-minutes, symptoms such as listlessness, vomiting, muscle tremor, disturbance of consciousness, agitation delirium, high fever, tachycardia, convulsions etc. occurred successively. Severe serotonin syndrome caused by duloxetine poisoning was diagnosed and treatments such as gastric lavage, catharsis, hemoperfusion, cyproheptadine, midazolam, and physical cooling were given. Twelve hours later, laboratory tests showed creatine kinase 674-U/L, myoglobin 247-mg/L, blood urea nitrogen 9.5-mmol/L, uric acid 452-μmol/L, serum creatinine 55-μmol/L; 36-hours later, the results were creatine kinase 674-U/L, blood urea nitrogen 10.3-mmol/L, uric acid 350-μmol/L, and serum creatinine 70-μmol/L. Coenzyme Q10 and vitamin C were given to protect organ function. Eight days later, the boy′s symptoms disappeared. Laboratory tests showed creatine kinase 149-U/L, myoglobin 66-mg/L, urea nitrogen 4.3-mmol/l, uric acid 75-μmol/L, and serum creatinine 34-μmol/L.

A 31-year-old female patient accidentally found a bean-sized lump under the right buttock, causing slight pain when pressing. Ultrasound examination revealed multiple cystic nodules of varying sizes in the subcutaneous fat layer of the right buttock. The patient underwent right buttock mass resection and was diagnosed as foreign body granuloma according to the postoperative pathology and medical history. Five years ago, the patient received bilateral intramuscular injection of progesterone (10-15-mg once daily) into the buttocks for 3 months due to threatened miscarriage. Afterwards, no other medication was injected into the buttocks. Therefore, it was considered that the foreign body granuloma in her buttock was related to the injection of progesterone. Two months later, the patient underwent extended resection of soft tissue tumor under the gluteus maximus muscle of the left buttock, and the postoperative pathological results were the same as that of the first time.

Two patients (patient 1, a 61-year-old male; patient 2, a 58-year-old female) received red yeast rice 6 g once daily orally because of abnormal blood lipids. Patient 1 had schistosomal cirrhosis and cholestatic hepatitis, with triacylglycerol 5.32-mmol/L. After 26 days of oral administration of red yeast rice, the patient developed limb weakness, with creatine kinase (CK) 604-U/L. Red yeast rice was stopped immediately and 3 days later, the patient developed lower limb muscle soreness, with CK 117-748-U/L. After 12 days of treatments with dexamethasone and rehydration, his symptoms gradually disappeared, with CK 79-U/L. Patient 2 had acute hepatitis, with triacylglycerol 2.34-mmol/L. After 24 days of oral administration of red yeast rice, the patient developed weakness and muscle soreness in both lower limbs, with CK 52-222-U/L. Red yeast rice was stopped immediately, and after 12 days of treatments with methylprednisolone and hydration, her symptoms were improved, with CK 210-U/L.

In 2021, the National Medical Products Administration issued the“Good Pharmacovigilance Practice”(GVP), which required the marketing authorization holders to establish and continuously improve pharmacovigilance system and to carry out pharmacovigilance activities in a normalized manner. Traditional Chinese medicine was the unique variety in China. Due to its high risk in clinical application, more attention should be paid to the overall planning and coordination of various aspects in the pharmacovigi- lance, especially for the traditional Chinese medicine injections. Thus by consulting regulations and literature, the possible ideas and suggestions such as establishing organizational structure and equipping professional personnel, improving regulations and systems, streamlining information collection channels, and identifying and evaluating risk signals, etc. were proposed for traditional Chinese medicine injection enterprises in carrying out pharmacovigilance.

Objective To explore the occurrence and clinical characteristics of liver injury caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in cancer patients.　Methods Medical records of cancer patients with normal liver function who used ICI during hospitalization in Beijing Friendship Hospital from January 2017 to December 2022 were collected, and those with liver injury related to ICI were screened out. The basic information of patients with ICI-related liver injury, treatment regime of ICI, concomitant medication, liver function before and after medication, intervention measures and outcomes were extracted, and the clinical characteristics of ICI-related liver injury were analyzed descriptively.　Results A total of 155 patients with solid tumors were treated with ICI within the set time, of which 15 (9.7%) were diagnosed with ICI-related liver injury. Among the 15 patients, there were 6 males and 9 females, with a median age of 59 (41, 76) years. The suspected drug causing liver injury was camrelizumab in 5 patients, sugemalimab in 2 patients, serplulimab in 2 patients, toripalimab in 2 patients, sintilimab in 2 patients, penpulimab in 1 patient, and cadonilimab in 1 patient. All 15 patients received combined medication, such as traditional chemotherapy drugs, receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitors, and/or other ICIs. The median time from suspected ICI administration to liver injury in 15 patients was 22 (4-64) days, and the liver injury occurred after the first cycle of ICI treatment in 9 patients. The medians of peak value of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were 157 (15-508) U/L and 131 (77-696) U/L, respectively; the total bilirubin was more than 2 times of the upper limit of normal in 3 patients. The liver injury was classified as hepatocellular type in 6 patients, cholestasis type in 5 patients, and mixed type in 3 patients; the type was unable to be determined due to lack of data in 1 patient. Among the 15 patients, 8 had liver injury of grade 2 and 7 had liver injury of grade 3; the suspected medication were discontinued after liver injury occurrence in 9 patients and did not discontinue in 6 patients. Seven and 5 patients recovered or basically had normal liver function after 1-4 months, respectively among those who stopped and did not stop ICI; the liver function did not return to normal in the other 3 patients at 2 to 9 months of follow-up.　Conclusions ICI-related liver injury usually occurs after the first cycle of ICI treatment (within 1-2 months of medication), and the severity is mostly grade 2 or 3. The 3 clinical types of drug-induced liver injury (hepatocellular type, cholestatic type, and mixed type) are clinically visible. After the occurrence of liver injury, most patients have a good prognosis through timely discontinuation and/or treatments.

A 23-year-old male patient with progressive muscular dystrophy received intravenous injection of levocarnitine 1 g twice daily. Before the medication, the patient′s blood pressure was 120/70-mmHg. After 15-minutes of the first administration, the patient′s blood pressure increased to 156/90-mmHg, accompanied by chest tightness and headache; 4 hours later, it increased to 196/138-mmHg; 12-hours later, it decreased to 158/106-mmHg. After the second intravenous injection of levocarnitine on the same day, the elevation of blood pressure recurred. The elevation of blood pressure was considered to be caused by levocarnitine. The drug was discontinued the next day, and the patient′s blood pressure gradually returned to the reference range. Thereafter, the patient did not experience any symptoms such as elevated blood pressure, chest tightness, or headache.

A 67-year-old female patient with lymph node metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma received the treatment of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy (cisplatin, pemetrexed, pembrolizumab, and lenvatinib) at the same time. After the end of the third cycle of treatment, the patient developed elevated blood pressure (160/100-mmHg), blood creatinine increase (from 90-μmol/L to 160-μmol/L), anemia (hemoglobin 90-g/L), and metabolic acidosis (total carbon dioxide 18-mmol/L). Renal histopathological exami- nation showed tubulointerstitial damage. Excluding kidney injury caused by other drugs, it was considered to be the immune adverse reaction caused by pembrolizumab. The drug was discontinued and hormone, antihypertensive, and symptomatic treatments were given. After 5 months, the patient′s blood pressure was 110-120/70-80-mmHg, serum creatinine decreased to 130-μmol/L, hemoglobin was 117-g/L, and total carbon dioxide was 26-mmol/L.

Objective To understand the adverse event (AE) risk signals of 3 anti-disialoganglioside 2 (GD2) monoclonal antibodies, including dinutuximab, dinutuximab beta, and naxitamab, and to provide reference to clinical use.　Methods AE reports with dinutuximab, dinutuximab beta, and naxitamab as the primary and secondary suspect drug were collected from the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database during 2015 to the 2nd quarter of 2023. AEs were standardized and classified according to the preferred term (PT) and system organ classification (SOC) in the International Medical Terminology Dictionary, Version 25.0, and AE risk signals were mined using the reporting odds ratio (ROR) method and information component (IC) method. The AE reports information and AE risk signals of 3 GD2 monoclonal antibodies were descriptively analyzed. Results A total of 630 AE reports were collected, in which the 3 GD2 monoclonal antibodies were the primary and secondary suspect drugs, including 465 reports of dinutuximab, 61 reports of dinutuximab beta, and 104 reports of naxitamab, which involved 341, 24, and 125 PTs and mapped to 19, 2, and 12 SOCs, respectively. The AEs of the 3 GD2 monoclonal antibodies were associated with the occurrence of death, life-threatening, hospitalization, or prolonged hospitali- zation adverse outcomes. Signal mining using ROR and IC methods detected a total of 142, 3, and 30 AE risk signals, of which 73, 0, and 6 were not documented in the corresponding drug instructions, respectively. The top PTs in report number were fever for both dinutuximab and dinutuximab beta, and hypotension and pain for naxitamab; the top PTs in signal intensity were puncture site abscess, device related bacteraemia, and wheezing for dinutuximab, dinutuximab beta, and naxitamab, respectively. The overlapping AE risk signals for the 3 drugs were fever and pain, with dinutuximab having the strongest signal intensity for fever and naxitamab having the strongest signal intensity for pain. Among the top 30 PTs in report number, naxitamab had significantly more AE risk signals than dinutuximab in respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders, skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, immune system disorders, and vascular disorders. For naxitamab, the PTs that differed from dinutuximab′s AE risk signals and were not documented in the naxitamab drug instructions were respiration abnormal, cyanosis, and metabolic acidosis.　Conclusions Fever, pain, and hypotension are common AEs for the 3 GD2 monoclonal antibodies. Naxitamab causes significant pain; respiration abnormal, cyanosis, and metabolic acidosis are AE risk signals specific to naxitamab and not documented in the drug instruction, which warrant clinical vigilance and prompt intervention.

Objective To explore the neurological adverse events (AE) associated to brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexu-cel) and their risk of occurrence.　Methods Neurological AE reports related to brexu-cel were collected through the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database from July 1, 2020 to September 31, 2022. The AEs were classified and counted according to the system organ class (SOC) and preferred term (PT) of Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) 24.1. The information component (IC) method and the reporting odds ratio (ROR) method were used to perform signal mining. AEs with ≥3 reports and a lower limit of 95% confidence interval (CI) for IC>0 or that for ROR>1 were defined as positive risk signals. The proportion of patients who suffered fatal outcomes after experiencing neurological AEs related to brexu-cel was analyzed.　Results A total of 1-960 neurological AE reports related to brexu-cel were collected, involving 559 patients and 22 PTs. Fifteen positive signals (PT) were detected by using the IC and ROR methods. The top 5 PTs in the number of AE reports were immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (153 reports), altered mental status (32 reports), encephalopathy (29 reports), tremor (27 reports), and aphasia (25 reports); the top 5 PTs with the high signal intensity were immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (IC=7.81, ROR=235.74), encephalopathy (IC=4.74, ROR=26.96), aphasia (IC=4.28, ROR=19.58), cerebral edema (IC=3.35, ROR=10.24), and incontinence (IC=3.04, ROR=8.22); incontinence (6 cases, IC=3.04, ROR=8.22) was not recorded in the drug instruction. Patients involved in 17 PTs, out of the 22 PTs, had fatal outcomes, and the proportion of deaths from immune effector cell-associated neurotoxi- city syndrome was 18% (28/153). The PTs with a proportion of patient deaths >50% were unresponsive to stimuli (80%, 4/5), brain oedema (75%, 6/8), cerebrovascular accident (67%, 2/3), lethargy (60%, 3/5), and seizure (57%, 4/7).　Conclusions Neurological AEs related to brexu-cel are common, of which incontinence is not yet recorded in the drug instruction. The clinical outcomes of some AEs (unrespontive to stimulus, brain oedema, and lethargy) are poor and should be closely monitored.

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of reslizumab targeting interleukin 5 in adjuvant therapy for patients with refractory asthma.　Methods The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang databases were searched (up to June 2022). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of reslizumab in adjuvant therapy of refractory asthma were collected. On the basis of conventional treatment for asthma, patients in the trial group was given additional reslizumab while the control group was given placebo. Primary outcome measures included the acute asthma attacks incidence, the changes of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), asthma control questionnaire (ACQ) score, asthma quality of life questionnaire (AQLQ) score, and blood eosinophil count before and after adjuvant therapy, and incidence of adverse events. RevMan 5.3-software was used for meta-analysis. The effect sizes of counting data were odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), while the effect sizes of measurement data were mean difference (MD) and its 95%CI.　Results A total of 7 RCTs and 2-506 patients were entered in the analysis, including 1-456 in the trial group and 1-050 in the control group. The meta-analysis showed that, compared to the control group, the acute asthma attacks incidence was lower in patients of the trial group during adjuvant therapy［18.1%(263/1-456) vs. 31.3%(329/1-050), OR=0.50, 95%CI: 0.41-0.62, P<0.001］; FEV1 and AQLQ score after treatment were higher (MD=0.13 L, 95%CI: 0.08-0.17 L, P<0.001; MD=0.18, 95%CI: 0.04-0.33, P=0.01); the ACQ score and blood eosinophil count were higher (MD=-0.19, 95%CI: -0.28--0.10, P<0.001; MD=-0.45×109/L，95%CI：-0.48×109/L--0.42×109/L，P<0.001). There were no statistically significant difference in the incidences of overall adverse events, serious adverse events, allergic reactions, and pneumonia compared to those in the control group ［63.7% (928/1-456) vs. 71.4% (750/1-050), OR=0.76, 95%CI: 0.55-1.06, P=0.10; 6.4% (93/1-456) vs. 8.2% (86/1-050), OR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.66-1.24, P=0.55; 0.4% (5/1-403) vs. 0.1% (1/997), OR=1.66, 95%CI: 0.41-6.65, P=0.47; 0.6% (9/1-456) vs. 1.0% (10/1-050), OR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.35-1.87, P=0.63］.　Conclusion Reslizuma has a good efficacy and safety profile in adjuvant treatment for patients with refractory asthma.

Objective To mine and compare the adverse event (AE) signals of allopurinol and febuxostat and provide reference for the rational and safe use of the 2 drugs in clinic.　Methods The AE reports on allopurinol and febuxostat from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2021 were collected by searching the US Food and Drug Administration Public Data Open Project (openFDA) database. AEs were classified using preferred term (PT) and systemic organ class (SOC) of the International Medical Terminology Dictionary 25.0. The AE risk signals of allopurinol and febuxostat were mined using the reporting odds ratio (ROR) method. The number of AE reports ≥3 and the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the ROR>1 was defined as a positive signal. The new AE risk signals of allopurinol and febuxostat were screened according to the drug labels. The radar chart was drawn according to the number of allopurinol and febuxostat risk signals. The positive PT signals were descriptively and statistically analyzed.　Results The number of AE reports of allopurinol and febuxostat were 105-532 and 9-949, respectively. The analysis of the top 100 AE reports were as follows. There were 82 positive PT signals of allopurinol, involving 14 SOCs, and 61 AEs were not recorded in the drug labels; there were 86 positive PT signals of febuxostat, involving 18 SOCs, and 25 AEs were not recorded in the drug labels. The top 5 PTs in the signal strength of allopurinol were drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, end-stage renal disease, hypercalcemia, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease; the top 5 PTs in the signal strength of febuxostat were enthesopathy, granu- loma skin, blood parathyroid hormone decreased, tenosynovitis and alanine aminotransferase abnormal. The 2 drugs had a total of 49 overlapping signals. More AE signals of allopurinol were detected in SOCs of meta- bolic and nutritional diseases, blood and lymphatic system diseases etc.; more AE signals of febuxostat were detected in SOCs of skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases, various musculoskeletal, and connective tissue diseases, etc.　Conclusions Allopurinol has a higher risk of causing AEs related to kidney and urinary system, blood and lymphatic system, and metabolic system, while febuxostat has a higher risk of causing AEs related to skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal and connective tissue, and hepatobiliary system. It is suggested that patients with gout accompanied by renal insufficiency, urinary system diseases or blood disea- ses should be careful with allopurinol, and the patients with gout accompanied by liver dysfunction should be careful with febuxostat.

A 57-year-old male patient with brain metastases after radical resection of adenocarcinoma of the lung and adjuvant chemotherapy received anlotinib 12-mg orally once daily (2 weeks on and 1 week off) combined with temozolomide 150-mg orally once daily (3 weeks on and 1 week off). After 5 months of treatments, the patient developed symptoms such as cough, chest tightness, and exertional dyspnea, which gradually worsened. No obvious abnormalities were found in laboratory tests, electrocar- diogram, or cardiac echocardiography. Chest CT examination showed interstitial pulmonary edema in bilateral lungs, which was considered to be related to anlotinib. Anlotinib and temozolomide treatments were stopped and glucocorticoid and symptomatic treatments were given. Five days later, the patient′s cough, chest tightness, and other symptoms were relieved. Anlotinib was replaced by bevacizumab, which was combined with temozolomide to continue the anti-tumor treatment, and the patient did not experience discomfort. One month later, chest CT showed that the interstitial edema in bilateral lungs was markedly absorbed.

A 41-year-old female patient took decoction of Chinese medicine (containing 10 g of Fructus Lycii, 10 g of Radix Ginseng Rubra, and 15 g of Cortex Acanthopanax Radicis) by herself due to trigeminal neuralgia. After about 6 hours of medication, the patient developed palpitate suddenly, woke up in sleep, accompanied by dizziness. Her blood pressure was 95/63-mmHg. The electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation, and ventricular rate was 45 beats/min. Symptomatic treatments such as elevation of hypertension and improvement of myocardial metabolism were given, but the patient′s symptoms were not improved. After that, she developed nausea and vomiting, her heart rate decreased to 35 beats/min, and blood pressure decreased to 87/36-mmHg. Electrocardiogram showed junctional escape rhythm and T-wave change. Electrocardiogram monitoring and continuous oxygen inhalation, and symptomatic and supportive treatments such as continuous IV pumping of dopamine and dobutamine, and polarized solution were given. Eight days after treatment, the patient′s condition was improved. Electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm. The patient sent the traditional Chinese medicine to a professional institution for identification, and found that it contained Cortex Periplocae, while the original prescription was Cortex Acanthopanax Radicis. Therefore, it is considered that the patient′s arrhythmia was caused by mistakenly use of excessive Cortex Periplocae.

Objective To analyze the information related to child-prohibition in drug labels in China. Methods The existing drug labels for chemical drugs and biological products included in the China Pharmacopoeia 2020 (Ch.P) were collected through searching websites such as "Yaozhiwang" "Dingxiangyuan" and "Yimaitong", and information related to child-prohibition was extracted. The expression and existing problems of information about child-prohibition were analyzed.　Results A total of 1-741 and 149 chemical and biological products were included in the Ch.P, respectively, of which 411 (23.6%) and 6 (4.0%) products involved information of child-prohibition. Information of child-prohibition was expressed in 18 ways, such as "prohibited" "not recommended" and "try not to", etc. Issues of child-prohibition information in drug labels of the same drug from different manufacturers were inconsistent text descriptions, inconsistent age range, and incomplete information on whether there was benzyl alcohol; issues in the same drug label was different age ranges for child-prohibition in different chapters.　Conclusions There are inconsistencies and non-standard issues in information related to child-prohibition in the existing drug instructions in China. Drug manufacturers should conduct full lifecycle management of drug labels in accordance with the "Technical Guidelines for Writing Information on Children′s Medication in the Instructions of Chemical Drugs and Therapeutic Biological Products (trial)", and continuously standardize and improve the information of child-prohibition.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of pharmaceutical services of direct to patients (DTP) sale pharmacy, taking the out-hospital pharmacy service of hypothyroidism caused by camrelizumab as an example. Methods The electronic drug records of patients who received camrelizumab (the medicine was purchased  from 3 stores under the Gaoji Suxiang Specialty Pharmacy in Hefei from July 1, 2019 to July 31, 2021) were collected and their medical history information and pharmacy service data provided by DTP pharmacists were recorded. The occurrence, intervention measures, and outcomes of camrelizumab- related hypothyroidism, as well as the patient′s compliance to the intervention were analyzed descriptively.　Results A total of 489 patients were entered in the analysis, including 341 males and 148 females, aged (61±12) years with an range from 18 to 75 years. The drug was used for lung cancer in 129 patients, esophageal cancer in 112 patients, liver cancer in 60 patients, nasopharyngeal carcinoma in 8 patients, lymphoma in 4 patients, and other tumors beyond indications in 176 patients. The median treatment time of camrelizumab in these patients was 4 months, ranging from 1 to 24 months. Camrelizumab was used in monotherapy in 129 patients, in combination with chemotherapy in 156 patients, in combination with targeted drugs in 97 patients, in combination with both chemotherapy and targeted drugs in 83 patients, and in combination with both chemotherapy and radiotherapy in 4 patients; the additional treatment plans were unknown in 20 patients. Among the 489 patients, 16 patients experienced hypothyroidism, with an incidence of 3.3%, of which 6 were actively identified by pharmacists in DTP pharmacy. All 16 cases of hypothyroidism were judged to be associated with camrelizumab by the Naranjo causality evaluation method, and the severity was grade 2 in 15 cases and grade 1 in 1 case. The patient with grade 1 hypothyroidism did not receive medical intervention; camrelizumab was stopped due to disease progression, which resulted in an improvement in hypothyroidism. All 15 patients with grade 2 hypothyroidism received treatment with levothyroxine sodium. In the following 1 week, patient compliance was good, average, and poor in 3, 8, and 5 cases, respectively. Pharmacists provided corresponding interventions based on the main items that affected patient compliance. As of the end of this study, among the 15 patients with grade 2 hypothyroidism, the thyroid function turned normal in 4 patients (including 1 who stopped levothyroxine sodium due to arrhythmia), was improved in 2 patients, and had persistent condition in 9 patients.　Conclusion Out-hospital pharmaceutical services provided by pharmacists in DTP pharmacy helps to ensure patient compliance and safe medication.

A 66-year-old male patient with malignant melanoma received combined treatments with apatinib (oral 250 mg once daily),temozolomide (oral 500-mg on day 1 and 400-mg/d on days 2-4),toripalimab(240 mg intravenous infusion on days 1 and 15). After 5 cycles (28 days as a cycle), the patient developed multiple rashes, which were not alleviated after reducing the dose of apatinib to 250-mg orally once every 3 days in the 6th treatment cycle. Laboratory tests showed that serum albumin was 28.5-g/L, total serum protein was 55.5-g/L, eosinophil percentage was 0.096, and venous potassium was 3.17-mmol/L. Erythroderma caused by combination of apatinib and toripalimab was considered， and the 2 drugs were stopped. The patient received the treatments of methylprednisolone,loratadine,diphenhydramine,tria- mcinolone acetonide and econazole nitrate cream and mupirocin ointment (external coating), and skin care. At the same time, symptomatic treatments such as protein supplement, diuresis, potassium supplement, and stomach protection were given. After 10 days of treatments, the rash subsided, and desquamation and itching were improved.

Objective To explore the clinical manifestation, treatments, and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced immune-mediated liver injury (IMLI).　Methods The patients with ICI- related IMLI and hospitalized in the Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2018 to November 2022 were collected. The basic information, tumor treatments, clinical manifestation, treatments and outcomes of the patients with IMLI were retrospectively analyzed.　Results A total of 29 patients were included in the study, including 17 males (58.6%) and 12 females (41.4%), with a median age of 65 years. The median treatment cycle from the use of ICI to the occurrence of liver injury was 3 cycles, and the median time was 78 days. In patients with IMLI, 48.3% (14/29) had no obvious symptoms and 51.7% (15/29) had symptoms such as decreased appetite, nausea, abdominal distension, fatigue, fever and jaundice; 44.8% (13/29) were accompanied by other immune-related adverse events. The clinical classification of IMLI was hepatocellular type in 18 patients (62.1%), cholestasis type in 4 patients (13.8%), and mixed type in 7 patients (24.1%). According to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) classification, severe liver injury (≥ grade 3) accounted for 86.2% (25/29), while according to the Chinese Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline on Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI guidelines) classification, severe liver injury (≥ grade 2) accounted for 34.5% (10/29). All 29 patients discontinued the treatment of ICIs after occurrence of IMLI, and 28 patients were treated with glucocorticoids, 7 of which were combined with mycophenolate mofetil and/or human immunoglobulin and artificial liver; 22 patients (75.9%) were improved. In the other 7 patients that did not recover, 4 discharged automatically, 2 died, and 1 could not be judged. ICI was rechallenged in 3 patients after liver function improvement, and IMLI did not recur.　Conclusions The IMLIs often occur 2 to 3 months after the start of ICI treatment, the most common clinical type is hepatocyte type, and the severity of clinical symptoms in patients vary from mild to severe. After discontinuing ICIs and receiving glucocorticoid treatments, most patients may have a good prognosis.